Effects of Diet on Human Gut Microbiome and Subsequent Influence on Host Physiology and Metabolism

Abstract

The gut microbiome is defined as the complex ecosystem of microorganisms that live in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals; it is composed of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even archaea, though it primarily consists of bacteria. It plays a vital role in host physiology and metabolism, from immune function to organ development. The gut microbiome has been implicated as a factor in many diseases and has a hand in brain function, behavior, and mental health. Several factors contribute to the composition of the gut microbiome, including host genetics, diet, and environment, with early-life diet seeming to have a more permanent impact than diet later in life. Not only can diet alter an individual’s health through its influence on the gut microbiome, but also it can even impact future generations. This chapter will outline the ways in which specific foods, food groups, and diets impact the human gut microbiome and their subsequent effects on human health.