Household Air Pollutionin Rural Western Kenya: A Major Public Health Challenge

Abstract

The use of biomass fuels poses great threats to public health accounting for 32% of the total attributable burden of diseases due to Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) in Africa. Heavy reliance on biomass fuels for household energy in Kenya makes the country more vulnerable with 90% of the rural population relying on biomass fuels for domestic purposes. The objective of this study was to assess effectiveness of improved biomass cookstoves in reducing kitchen PM2.5 concentration in Western Kenya region. The data was collected through continuous real-time monitoring of kitchen pollution concentration for a period of 24 hours using UCB-PATS, CO monitors, questionnaires and time activity budgets. Data analysis was undertaken by performing ANOVA to test for their variations from WHO stipulated safe standards. The study found that at 95% CI, mean 24-hr kitchen CO and PM concentrations from all the stoves were significantly higher than the stipulated WHO threshold. Three-stone fire had the highest average 24-hour kitchen PM and CO emissions using firewood at 4272.414µg/m 3 (p = 0.000) and 75.4417ppm (p = 0.000), respectively, while Chepkube stove had the least at 682.646µg/m 3 (p = 0.000) and 8.7224ppm (p = 0.000), respectively. It was concluded that, improved biomass stoves provided an overall reduction in pollutant concentration compared to three-stone fire but the local innovation Chepkube stove that has been classified as ungraded stove had the highest pollutant reduction. In addition, indoor air pollution in rural areas is a real health risk. Consequently, it was recommended that programs aiming to reduce the adverse health impacts of CO and PM2.5 should focus on measures that result in larger reductions of PM2.5 emissions especially during burning and peak periods.