Sarcopenia and osteoporosis in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Age-related loss of muscle and bone (sarcopenia and osteoporosis), increases the risk of falls and fractures and consequently leads to a substantial economic burden for the society. The combined condition, osteosarcopenia, may identify patients at a higher risk of those outcomes and could be relevant for assessment and treatment in clinical practice. Aim: To evaluate the current knowledge of the prevalence of osteosarcopenia and the fracture risk in older people. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted until 10th March 2018. A total of 1105 papers were detected, whereof 1049 and 29 were excluded by title/abstracts and full-text assessment, respectively. Twenty-seven original papers were included in the systematic review, whereof 17 were suitable for meta-analysis. Results: The prevalence of osteosarcopenia varied (5–37%) depending on the classification of sarcopenia and whether participants were classified initially according to sarcopenia or osteoporosis. In patients with low-energy osteoporotic fractures, sarcopenia was present in 7.8–58% and 1.3–96.3% of the cases, women and men, respectively. The meta-analysis of prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with low-energy fracture (n = 9) was 46% (95% CI 44, 48; p < 0.001). The relative risk of fracture (sarcopenic versus non-sarcopenic) in meta-analysis of four studies was 1.37 (95% CI 1.18, 1.59; p < 0.001). Mean bone mineral density (n = 5) and T-score (n = 3) of femoral neck was significantly lower in sarcopenic participants [− 0.07 g/cm2 (95% CI 0.08, 0.06) and − 0.34 (95% CI − 0.46, − 0.23), respectively]. Conclusion: Osteosarcopenia is frequent and the relative risk of fracture is higher among sarcopenic patients. A standard and strict classification of sarcopenia is needed to assess its true relationship and consequences.