Influence of spin finish on degradation, functionalization and long-term storage of polyethylene terephthalate fabrics dedicated to ligament prostheses

Abstract

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers and fabrics are widely used for medical device applications such as vascular and anterior cruciate ligament prostheses. Several years ago, we began functionalizing PET fabrics using anionic polymers to enhance their biocompatibility, cell adhesion, proliferation and functional performance as PET ligament prostheses. Polymer functionalization followed a grafting-from process from virgin PET surfaces subject to spin-finish oil additive removal under Soxhlet extraction to remove residual fiber manufacturing oil. Nevertheless, with increasing time from manufacture, PET fabrics stored without a spin finish removal step exhibited degradation of spin finish oil, leading to (1) incomplete surface cleaning, and (2) PET surface degradation. Moreover, oxidizing agents present in the residual degraded oil prevented reliable functionalization of the prosthesis fibers in these PET fabrics. This study compares effects of PET fabric/spin finish oil storage on PET fabric anionic polymer functionalization across two PET fabric ligament storage groups: (1) 2- and 10- year old ligaments, and (2) 26-year old ligaments. Strong interactions between degraded spin finish oil and PET fiber surfaces after long storage times were demonstrated via extraction yield; oil chemistry changed assessed by spectral analysis. Polymer grafting/functionalization efficiency on stored PET fabrics was correlated using atomic force microscopy, including fiber surface roughness and relationships between grafting degree and surface Young’s modulus. New PET fabric Young’s modulus significantly decreased by anionic polymer functionalization (to 96%, grafting degree 1.6 µmol/g) and to reduced modulus and efficiency (29%) for 10 years storage fabric (grafting degree ~ 1 µmol/g). As fiber spin finish is mandatory in biomedically applicable fiber fabrication, assessing effects of spin finish oil on commercial polymer fabrics after longer storage under various conditions (UV light, temperature) is necessary to understand possible impacts on fiber degradation and surface functionalization.