Alternative energy sources for green chemistry

Abstract

Includes index. The use of alternative energy forms and transfer mechanisms is one of the key approaches of process intensification. In recent years, significant amounts of research have been carried out in developing chemical processing technologies enhanced by plasma, electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic and ultra-sound waves and high gravity fields. Discussing the broad impact of alternative energy transfer technologies on reactions, separations and materials synthesis, this book reports on recent breakthrough results in various application areas. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current developments in the field. The book enables industrialists, academics and postgraduates in alternative-energy based processing to see the potential of alternative energies for green chemistry and sustainability of chemical manufacturing. Cover; Alternative Energy Sources for Green Chemistry; Preface; Contents; Chapter 1 -- Microwave-Assisted Green Organic Synthesis; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Solvent-Free Reactions; 1.3 Microwave Susceptors; 1.3.1 Graphite As a Microwave Susceptor; 1.3.2 Silicon Carbide (SiC) As a Microwave Susceptor; 1.3.3 Other Microwave Susceptors; 1.4 Reactions in Solution; 1.4.1 Reactions in Water; 1.4.2 Reactions in Ionic Liquids (ILs); 1.4.3 Fluorous Chemistry; 1.5 Flow Chemistry; 1.6 Conclusions; References; Chapter 2 -- Microwave-Assisted Plant Extraction Processes; 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Microwave Heating Foundations2.2.1 Volumetric Heating Term; 2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction Systems; 2.3.1 Usage of Modified Domestic Microwave Ovens; 2.3.2 Usage of Commercial Microwave Reactors; 2.3.3 Continuous and High-Scale Microwave Applicators for MAE; 2.4 Plants and Components of Interest for Microwave-Assisted Extraction Processes; 2.4.1 Essential Oils from Herbs; 2.4.2 Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants; 2.4.3 Oils, Lipids and Fatty Acids; 2.4.4 Polysaccharides and Pectin Extraction; 2.5 Microwave-Assisted Extraction Techniques; 2.5.1 Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction 2.5.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction2.5.3 Microwave Pre-Treatment; 2.6 Extraction Fundamentals; 2.6.1 Heat Generation; 2.6.2 Mass Transfer; 2.6.3 Kinetics Modelling; 2.7 Operating Variables; 2.7.1 Time; 2.7.2 Microwave Power and Energy; 2.7.3 Temperature; 2.7.4 Particle Size; 2.7.5 Solvent; 2.7.6 Pressure; 2.8 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3 -- Low-Temperature Microwave Pyrolysis and Large Scale Microwave Applications; 3.1 Microwave Technology; 3.1.1 Microwave Technology Applications; 3.1.2 History of Heating Application of Microwave Irradiation; 3.1.3 Microwave Equipment; 3.2 Heating 3.2.1 General Discussion3.2.2 Mechanism of Microwave Heating; 3.3 Microwave Pyrolysis/Torrefaction; 3.3.1 Introduction; 3.3.2 Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Constituent Biomass Components; 3.3.2.1 Cellulose; 3.3.2.2 Hemi-Cellulose; 3.3.2.3 Lignin; 3.3.3 Microwave Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass; 3.3.3.1 Wood; 3.3.3.2 Wheat Straw and Rice Straw; 3.3.3.3 Macro and Micro Algae; 3.3.3.4 Oil Palm; 3.4 Commercial Applications of Microwaves; 3.4.1 Drying Apparatus; 3.4.2 Other Processes; 3.4.3 Microwave-Assisted Biomass Activation; 3.5 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References Chapter 4 -- Microwave Reactor Concepts: From Resonant Cavities to Traveling Fields4.1 Introduction: The Limitations of Thermal Reactor Activation; 4.2 Resonant Microwave Cavities; 4.2.1 Multimode Cavities; 4.2.2 Single Mode Cavities; 4.2.2.1 CEM Discover; 4.2.2.2 TE10n Cavities; 4.3 Advanced Non-Cavity Applicator Types; 4.3.1 Internal Transmission Line; 4.3.2 Traveling Microwave Reactor; 4.3.2.1 Liquid Phase Process Configuration; 4.3.2.2 Gas-Solid Phase Process Configuration; 4.4 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References Chapter 5 -- Greener Processing Routes for Reactions and Separations Based on Use of Ultrasound and Hydrodynamic Cavitation