Decrease in waist-to-hip ratio reduced the development of chronic kidney disease in non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Abstract

To date, there are few studies that have evaluated the prognostic impact of changes in abdominal obesity or weight on long-term adverse kidney outcomes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the effect of changes in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body weight (BW) on chronic kidney disease (CKD) development, especially in non-obese NAFLD patients. We included 6,137 participants from a community-based prospective cohort with 12-year follow-up in Korea. NAFLD patients were categorized according to time-averaged percent changes in WHR and BW (≤−5%, >−5% to <5%, and ≥5%). Compared to non-obese controls, non-obese NAFLD was significantly associated with an increased risk of incident CKD (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.238, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.006–1.524). In 1,563 NAFLD patients, compared to patients with minimal changes in WHR (>−5% to <5%), patients with a decreased WHR (≤−5%) had a significantly attenuated risk of CKD development (HR = 0.300; 95% CI = 0.194–0.464). Furthermore, risk reduction from decreased WHR for developing CKD remained significant in non-obese NAFLD patients (HR = 0.290; 95% CI = 0.114–0.736). In conclusion, a decrease in WHR of more than 5% significantly reduced the risk of CKD development in NAFLD patients, even in those who were non-obese. Thus, serial monitoring of WHR may be prioritized in the management of NAFLD.