Gender, Nationality and Leadership Style: A Literature Review

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to review research available on gender and nationality as determinants of leadership style, with special focus on top leaders/managers. The paper is based on a systematic literature review. The systematic literature search resulted in 27 papers, that were grouped in five categories: 1) Leaders' characteristics, behavior and style, 2) Perception regarding leaders, their traits and leadership styles, 3) Women's barriers towards leader positions, 4) Leadership outcome/results, 5) Effect of research methods on leader evaluation. Questionnaires were the most used research method in the reviewed studies. Almost half of the papers focus on the US, while the rest deal with African, Asian, and European countries. In this review, we found that women and men have a very similar perception of a successful manager. However, women and men display differences in their leader behavior and characteristics, and way of leading. "Results/outcomes" of such a leadership can differ. The review shows, furthermore, that a glass ceiling and other barriers for women do still exist. The paper ends by identifying the needs for further research in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Business & Management is the property of Canadian Center of Science & Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)