Actinorhizal, mycorhizal and rhizobial symbioses: How much do we know?

Abstract

In this review, we discuss the recent progress in research on symbiotic association of rhizobia, Frankia and fungi with plant roots. We compare infection processes of symbiotic establishment; structure, functioning and molecular biology of the symbiotic organ including the regulation of genes implicated in rhizobial, actinorhizial and arbuscular mycorhizal symbioses.