Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Dogs

Abstract

PNSs are complex diseases/symptoms that may occur individually or in different body systems. To this end, it is important to mention that PNSs have already been described in the following systems: gastrointestinal (cachexia and gastrointestinal ulceration), endocrine (hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia and hyperestrogenism), circulatory/hematological (hypergammaglobulinemia, anemia, erythrocytosis, neutrophilic leukocytosis, leukopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation (alopecia and nodular dermatofibrosis), neurological (myasthenia gravis and cerebellar degeneration), bone (peripheral osteopathy) and nonspecific (fever). In view of this clinical-hematological diversity, the formation mechanisms, clinical presentation and neoplastic origin of the less described and possibly frequent, but equally important paraneoplastic syndromes in the clinical routine of small animals are highlighted in the following paragraphs