Introduction

Abstract

The increased expansion of intermittent electricity generation in the energy grid, notable wind power and photovoltaics can lead to a seemingly paradox situation of negative electricity prices at times of low demand and/or high renewable electricity output. The main reason here is the inflexibility of dispatchable electricity generations, e.g. coal and nuclear power that continue generating power despite the negative price signal from the electricity market in order to avoid a cost-intensive unit shutdown.