Design of Artificial DNA Binding Proteins toward Control and Elucidation of Cellular Functions

Abstract

An artificial transcription factor that can regulate the expression of specific genes at a desired time is very useful for research in chemical biology, cell biology, and future gene therapy. A C2H2 zinc finger motif, one of zinc-containing proteins, is known as the most ubiquitous DNA binding motif. The motif is attractive for designing artificial transcription factors with desired DNA binding specificities because of its characteristic DNA binding properties: (1) recognition of 3 bp per motif, (2) tandemly connected modular structure, and (3) binding to non-palindrome sequences as a monomer. Taking advantage of these properties, artificial DNA binding proteins with new DNA binding characteristics have been designed. By changing the linker region between two 3-zinc finger domains, artificial 6-zinc finger proteins were developed and shown to skip DNA sequences. Zinc-responsive transcription factors were created by altering one of the zinc ligands. An artificial zinc finger transcription factor targeting a core clock gene induced phase shifts of the cellular "circadian rhythm". Herein, I will summarize creation and function of the above-mentioned artificial zinc finger-type DNA binding proteins and transcription factors.