Global Conflicts Surrounding Hydraulic Fracturing and Water

Abstract

In a little more than a decade, hydraulic fracturing has unlocked significant worldwide reserves of hydrocarbons, increased the stability of energy supplies, and generated billions in economic returns, but has also delivered one other aspect: widespread controversy over the process and its potential consequences. For industry, hydraulic fracturing represents an unprecedented technological evolution that has forever changed energy production. But for many, it underscores a growing concern over the impacts of oil and gas production on water, and public opposition is often closely linked to water risks. This opposition is now global in its influence, which cannot be ignored by policymakers or industry. This chapter analyzes the primary areas of conflict and public concern over hydraulic fracturing, as well as regulations and mechanisms for resolution. Among the topics discussed are trends towards the complete ban of hydraulic fracturing. Bans, while often overturned, illustrate the intensity of the conflict and the risks of failing to understand the driving elements of these efforts and potential resolutions. This chapter also considers issues related to use of water in arid environments, mandatory disclosure of water volumes and chemical components, baseline testing of local water supplies, induced seismicity, contamination risks related to hydraulic fracturing and disposal of waste materials, noise pollution and residential proximity to operations, and methods of resolving or minimizing conflict and opposition. Controversies are examined in Texas, Colorado, New York, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Addressing the sources of social resistance and resolving them through meaningful and transparent policy mechanisms are critical elements of continued worldwide production. The reputation of the process is critical given the scope of production, social media, and the consequences for cities, industry, and citizens living in and around production zones.