Burocracia pública e classes dirigentes no Brasil

  • Bresser-Pereira L
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Abstract

O Brasil experimentou a industrialização e um grande desenvolvimento econômico entre 1930 e 1980. É o período da estratégia nacional-desenvolvimentista iniciada por Getúlio Vargas e retomada, depois de uma crise nos anos 1960, pelos militares no poder. Em todo esse período, a burocracia pública desempenhou papel-chave, sempre associada à burguesia industrial. Essas duas classes surgem para a vida política nos anos 1930 e, associadas aos trabalhadores que desempenham o papel de sócios menores, promovem a Revolução Industrial brasileira. Nos anos 1960, a radicalização de esquerda e o alarmismo de direita, provocados principalmente pela Revolução Cubana de 1959, levam a um golpe militar em que burguesia e militares associam-se aos Estados Unidos. Não obstante, burguesia e burocracia pública voltam a adotar uma política econômica nacionalista e desenvolvimentista nos anos seguintes. Nos anos 1980, porém, a grande crise da dívida externa leva ao rompimento desta aliança, e, a partir do início dos anos 1990, à rendição ao neoliberalismo vindo do Norte. Nesse momento, a burocracia pública, desorientada, tratou de defender seus próprios interesses corporativos. A partir dos anos 1990, porém, envolve-se na Reforma gerencial do Estado de 1995. O neoliberalismo, contudo, que tornara-se dominante, perde hegemonia nos anos 2000 devido a seu fracasso em promover o desenvolvimento econômico. Estes dois fatos, de um lado, restabelecem novas perspectivas republicanas para a burocracia pública; de outro, sugerem que uma aliança renovada entre a burocracia pública e a burguesia industrial pode ser novamente possível, de forma que o país retome o desenvolvimento econômico.Entre 1930 et 1980, le Brésil a connu une industrialisation et un important développement économique. C’est la période de la stratégie nationale pour le développement que Getúlio Vargas a inaugurée et qui a été reprise, après la crise des années 1960, par les militaires au pouvoir. Tout au long de cette période, la bureaucratie publique, associée à la bourgeoisie industrielle, a joué un grand rôle. Ces deux classes naissent pour la vie politique dans les années 1930, et, avec les travailleurs qui s’y sont associés d’une façon moins importante, ont promu la Révolution Industrielle brésilienne. Dans les années 1960, les positions plus radicales de la gauche et l’alarmisme de droite, influencés surtout par la Révolution Cubaine de 1959, ont amené au coup d’état militaire pendant lequel la bourgeoisie et les militaires s’associent aux Etats-Unis. Cependant, la bourgeoisie et la bureaucratie publique reprennent la politique économique nationaliste et de développement économique dans les années qui se suivent. Mais dans les années 1980, la crise de la dette extérieure provoque la rupture de cette alliance et, à partir du début des années 1990, la capitulation au néolibéralisme originaire du Nord. La bureaucratie publique, alors déboussolée, se met à défendre ses propres intérêts. A partir des années 1990, pourtant, elle fait partie de la Réforme de Gestion de l’Etat de 1995. D’autre part, le néolibéralisme qui triomphait, perd son hégémonie dans les années 2000 en raison de son échec à promouvoir la croissance économique. Ces deux événements non seulement introduisent de nouvelles perspectives républicaines à l’égard de la bureaucratie publique, mais encore suggèrent qu’une nouvelle alliance entre la bureaucratie publique et la bourgeoisie industrielle puisse devenir encore une fois possible si bien que le pays se redresse économiquement.Brazil underwent industrialization and major economic development during the period that spanned 1930 to 1980 This is the period of strategic national development initiated by Getulio Vargas and taken up again after the crisis of the 1960s by the military regime that was in power. Throughout the entire period, public bureaucracy played a key role, always in consort with the industrial bourgeoisie. These two classes emerged as actors in political life as of the 1930s and -together with the workers who were minor partners - promoted the Brazilian industrial revolution. During the 1960s the radicalization of the Left and the right-wing alarmism which were both to a large extent stimulated by the Cuban revolution led to a military coup in which the bourgeoisie and the military joined interests with the United States. Nonetheless, both the bourgeoisie and public bureaucracy returned to a nationalist and developmentalist policy during the years that followed. Yet the major foreign debt crisis that took place during the 1980s led to the breaking apart of these alliances, and over the course of the decade, to the surrender to neo-liberalism coming from the North. At that moment, a disoriented public bureaucracy attempted to defend its own corporate interests. As of the 1990s, however, the sector involved itself in the State Administrative Reform of 1995; furthermore, neoliberalism, which then became the dominant current, went on to lose its hegemony over the following decade due to failure in promoting economic development. These two facts work, on the one hand, to re-establish new republican perspectives for public bureaucracy and, on the other, suggest that the renewed alliance of public bureaucracy and industrial bourgeoisie may again be turning into the nation’s route to re-establishing economic development.

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APA

Bresser-Pereira, L. C. (2007). Burocracia pública e classes dirigentes no Brasil. Revista de Sociologia e Política, (28), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-44782007000100003

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