Acute appendicitis and SARS-CoV-2 in children: imaging findings at a tertiary children’s hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Background: Evidence suggests severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may be associated with appendicitis or clinical symptoms that mimic appendicitis, but it is not clear if the findings or utility of imaging in pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis have changed since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Objective: To evaluate for potential differences in SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative pediatric patients imaged for suspected appendicitis to determine the reliability of the existing medical imaging approach for appendicitis in a population that contains both SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative pediatric patients. Materials and methods: Patients imaged for suspected appendicitis Apr. 1, 2020, to Dec. 31, 2020, were identified via an electronic medical records search. Differences in ultrasound (US) diagnostic performance, use of computed tomography (CT) following US, rates of appendicitis, imaging findings of appendicitis and perforation were compared between SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative tested patients, using pathology and surgery as reference standards for appendicitis and perforation, respectively. Fisher exact test and Student’s t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: One thousand, six hundred and ninety-three patients < 18 years old met inclusion criteria, with 46% (772/1,693) female, 11 imaged with only CT and 1,682 with US. Comparing SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative patients, no statistically significant differences in sensitivity or specificity of US (P = 1 and P = 1, respectively), or in the US (P-values ranging from 0.1 to 1.0) or CT imaging findings (P-values ranging from 0.2 to 1.0) in appendicitis were found. Perforation rates were similar between SARS-CoV-2 positive (20/57, 35.1% perforated) and SARS-CoV-2 negative (359/785, 45.7% perforated) patients with appendicitis (P = 0.13). Use of CT following first-line US was similar, with 7/125 (5.6%) of SARS-CoV-2 positive imaged with CT after US and 127/1,557 (8.2%) of SARS-CoV-2 negative imaged with CT after US (P = 0.39). Conclusion: In pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis, no significant difference was found in the diagnostic performance of US, CT usage or perforation rates between SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative patients.