Mortality Risk from PM2:5: A Comparison of Modeling Approaches to Identify Disparities across Racial/Ethnic Groups in Policy Outcomes

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Regulatory analyses of air pollution policies require the use of concentration–response functions and underlying health data to estimate the mortality and morbidity effects, as well as the resulting benefits, associated with policy-related changes in fine particulate matter ≤2:5 μm (PM2:5)]. Common practice by U.S. federal agencies involves using underlying health data and concentration–response functions that are not differentiated by racial/ethnic group. OBJECTIVES: We aim to explore the policy implications of using race/ethnicity-specific concentration–response functions and mortality data in comparison to standard approaches when estimating the impact of air pollution on non-White racial/ethnic subgroups. METHODS: Using new estimates from the epidemiological literature on race/ethnicity-specific concentration–response functions paired with race/ ethnicity-specific mortality rates, we estimated the mortality impacts of air pollution from all sources from a uniform increase in concentrations and from the regulations imposed by the Mercury Air Toxics Standards. RESULTS: Use of race/ethnicity-specific information increased PM2:5-related premature mortality estimates in older populations by 9% and among older Black Americans by 150% for all-source pollution exposure. Under a uniform degradation of air quality and race/ethnicity-specific information, older Black Americans were found to have approximately 3 times higher mortality relative to White Americans, which is obscured under a non–race/ ethnicity-specific modeling approach. Standard approaches of using non–racial/ethnic specific information underestimate the benefits of the Mercury Air Toxics Standards to older Black Americans by almost 60% and overestimate the benefits to older White Americans by 14% relative to using a race/ethnicity-specific modeling approach. DISCUSSION: Policy analyses incorporating race/ethnicity-specific concentration–response functions and mortality data relative to nondifferentiated inputs underestimate the overall magnitude of PM2:5 mortality burden and the disparity in impacts on older Black American populations. Based on our results, we recommend that the best available race/ethnicity-specific inputs are used in regulatory assessments to understand and reduce environmental injustices.