Effect of residual trace amounts of fe and al in li[ni1/3 mn1/3 co1/3 ]o2 cathode active material for the sustainable recycling of lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

As the explosive growth of the electric vehicle market leads to an increase in spent lithiumion batteries (LIBs), the disposal of LIBs has also made headlines. In this study, we synthesized the cathode active materials Li[Ni1/3 Mn1/3 Co1/3 ]O2 (NMC) and Li[Ni1/3 Mn1/3 Co1/3 Fe0.0005 Al0.0005 ]O2 (NMCFA) via hydroxide co-precipitation and calcination processes, which simulate the resynthesis of NMC in leachate containing trace amounts of iron and aluminum from spent LIBs. The effects of iron and aluminum on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties were investigated and compared with NMC. Trace amounts of iron and aluminum do not affect the morphology, the formation of O3-type layered structures, or the redox peak. On the other hand, the rate capability of NMCFA shows high discharge capacities at 7 C (110 mAh g−1 ) and 10 C (74 mAh g−1 ), comparable to the values for NMC at 5 C (111 mAh g−1 ) and 7 C (79 mAh g−1 ), respectively, due to the widened interslab thickness of NMCFA which facilitates the movement of lithium ions in a 2D channel. Therefore, iron and aluminum, which are usually considered as impurities in the recycling of LIBs, could be used as doping elements for enhancing the electrochemical performance of resynthesized cathode active materials.