Non-imaging method: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

Abstract

Bioelectrical impedance analysis allows measurement of total body water, which is used to estimate fat-free body mass and, by difference with body mass, body fat. An athlete appointment of 15 min is needed for body mass and standing stature measurement, electrode placement, and then 1 min of data collection. The method is popular due to the procedure being simple and non-invasive, good portability of the equipment and its relatively low cost compared to other methods of body composition analysis. However, precision and validity can be low without a standardised protocol of assessment that includes guidance for subject presentation. Sensitivity to monitor change of physique is low given variation in athlete presentation for testing can affect the results (e.g. levels of hydration). Training is available from equipment suppliers; however, there are no accreditation systems. The techniques to collect the data are easy; however, interpretation of the data is impeded given the black box approach to the data. Studies that compare results from bioelectrical impedance analysis to other body composition techniques are outlined, and example reports to athletes are provided.