Disorders of melanin pigmentation

Abstract

Melanin is the most important endogenous pigment of the skin. It is generated by special cells, the melanocytes, which originate from the neural crest. It is produced within special organelles, the melanosomes. By means of these organelles, the melanin is transferred to neighboring keratinocytes. This complex process of melanogenesis is genetically determined but also regulated by exogenous stimuli, especially UV radiation. Disturbances in melanin pigmentation have significant consequences for affected individuals. The spectrum of diseases caused by defective function of melanin pigmentation is very broad and ranges from circumscribed, generalized to universal congenital or acquired hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation of the skin. As skin color by melanin determines the identity of an individual in the given socio-cultural context, disorders of pigmentation can lead to significant psychosocial consequences.