Women Leaders in Indonesia: Current Picture and Strategies for Empowerment

Abstract

Highly textured magnets of MQU-F material (Nd13.6Fe73.6Ga0.6Co6.6B5.6)were produced by die-upsetting. A remanence B-r = 1.39 T, a coercivitymu(0j)H(c) = 1.18 T and an energy product (BH)(max) = 370 kJ m(-3) wereobtained when using a relatively high degree of deformation (heightreduction: 80%). Differential scanning calorimetry measurementsreveal, beside an increase of the Curie temperature of the main phase,a substantial decrease of the melting point of the intergranular phase(660degreesC) in comparison to that of the ternary alloy MQP-A (680degreesC). The microstructure of the hot-deformed MQU-F material,especially of the intergranular phase, was investigated byhigh-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersiveX-ray spectroscopy (EDX) in the scanning transmission electronmicroscopic mode with a subnanometer probe. A very homogeneousdistribution of the intergranular phase was observed. The Nd2Fe14Bcrystals are surrounded by an amorphous Nd-rich phase with a thicknessof 0.4 to 2 nm. EDX analysis shows that the grain boundaries areenriched in Nd and Ga. Also, a small amount of Co was detected. (C)2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.