High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) in the Study of Clays and Soils

Abstract

This review is intended for those soil scientists who have little or no previous knowledge of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our objective here is to introduce the usefulness and the limitations of high-resolution TEM(HRTEM) in the studies of soils and clays. Information is presented as to how far HRTEM (with accelerating voltages of 100 to 200 kV) can be extended to gather useful pieces of structural, physical, and chemical information of soil minerals, especially layer silicates, which are not obtainable by other techniques.