Production of 1,4-Diacids (Succinic, Fumaric, and Malic) from Biomass

Abstract

The 1,4-diacids including succinic, malic, and fumaric acids are naturally occurring C4 building blocks that are regarded as major metabolic intermediates in most eukaryotic or prokaryotic microorganisms. During the past decade, 1,4-diacids have established...