Neoplasias mieloproliferativas: Revisão dos critérios diagnósticos e dos aspectos clínicos

Abstract

Chronic myeloproliferative disorders, currently called myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), according to the 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification are clonal diseases of hematopoietic stem cells, in which there is increased proliferation of the myeloid series (granulocytic, erythrocytic, megakaryocytic series or mast cells) with effective maturation. The progression of all is characterized by marrow fibrosis or leukemic transformation. According to the WHO classification, the MPNs include: chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), idiopathic myelofibrosis (IM), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), chronic eosinophilic leukemia not otherwise categorized (CEL-NC), mastocytosis (M) and myeloproliferative neoplasm unclassifiable (MPNU). It is worth noting that the molecular basis of CML (BCR/ABL1), as well as PV, ET, IM (JAK2V617F and exon 12, MPL W515L/K) and M (KITD816V) have been identified and have, in common, constitutive activation of tyrosine kinase due to acquired hematopoietic stem cell defects. The JAK2V617F mutation is observed in around 90% of PV cases and in around 50-60% of IM and ET leading to the question why a single molecular lesion induces three different clinical manifestations. There is already evidence that additional genetic and epigenetic events contribute to the pathogenesis, including MPL W515L/K mutation. Some clinical aspects, the pathophysiology and diagnostic criteria of MPNs are presented in this paper.