Nesting success and mortality of the boat-tailed grackle.

Abstract

Of Quiscalus major nests with complete clutches, 60.5% fledged young. Survival of nests to the hatching stage averaged 78.7% and survival from hatching to fledging averaged 76.9%. Nesting success between localities varied from none to almost all nests fledging some young. Fledging success for 3-egg clutches averaged 64.8% and was significantly higher than the 50.8% success rate that 2-egg clutches averaged. Individual survival of eggs from laying through hatching was lower in 2-egg than in 3-egg clutches, but from hatching to fledging nestling survival was higher. Thus, in contrast to nest survival, equal proportions of eggs in 2- and 3-egg clutches produced fledglings. Predation was the greatest source of mortality, with predators taking 14.8% of eggs and 13.1% of nestlings. Of eggs that survived to hatching, 9.2% failed to hatch. Starvation (13.4%) was the most common source of nestling mortality. Nest abandonment accounted for the death of 5.7% of eggs and 2.9% of young. Sources of mortality varied spatially and temporally in an unpredictable way. This uncertainty has resulted in the flexible nesting biology of grackles.-from Author