Formation, disruption and energy output of Population III X-ray binaries

Abstract

The first astrophysical objects shaped the cosmic environment by reionizing and heating the intergalactic medium (IGM). Particularly, X-rays are very efficient at heating the IGM before reionization is complete. High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) in early stellar populations are prime candidates for driving the thermal evolution of the IGM at redshifts z ≳ 20; however, their formation efficiency is not well understood. Using N-body simulations, we estimate the HMXB formation rate via mutual gravitational interactions of nascent, small groups of the Population III stars.We run two sets of calculations: (i) stars formed in small groups of five in nearly Keplerian initial orbits and (ii) collision of two such groups (an expected outcome of mergers of host protogalaxies). We find that HMXBs form at a rate of one per ≳ 104M⊙ in newly born stars, and that they emit with a power of ~1041 erg s-1 in the 2-10 keV band per star formation rate. This value is a factor of ~102 larger than what is observed in star-forming galaxies at lower redshifts; the X-ray production from early HMXBs would have been even more copious, if they also formed in situ or via migration in protostellar discs. Combining our results with earlier studies suggests that early HMXBs were highly effective at heating the IGM and leaving a strong 21-cm signature. We discuss broader implications of our results, such as the rate of long gamma-ray bursts from Population III stars and the direct collapse channel for massive black hole formation.