Frictional stability of porous tuff breccia under subsurface pressure conditions and implications for shallow seismicity

Abstract

Thick sediment layers frequently cover the Japan islands’ surface, and their frictional properties significantly affect the shallow slip behavior that occurs during earthquakes. However, laboratory data on the properties of the shallow zone remain limited. We collected tuff breccia samples from deep borehole cores in the Miocene “Green Tuff” formation, a major surface cover, and performed velocity-stepping friction tests on these samples under in situ stresses of 2 to 20 MPa to assess the velocity dependence of their frictional strength. The samples exhibit predominantly frictionally stable, velocity-strengthening behavior over the range of normal stresses tested, which supports the hypothesis that shallow sediment layers are seismically quiescent. This result is consistent with the low seismicity and attenuation of coseismic slip occurring in the shallow zone that is observed during regional earthquakes. Microstructural observations of the postmortem samples using optical and scanning electron microscopes indicate a fabric transition from boundary shear localization to distributed cataclastic flow with increasing normal stress. Our laboratory investigation of the depth-variable distribution of the frictional velocity dependence of a shallow sediment layer would provide further insight into the mechanical role for earthquake rupture dynamics and shallow seismicity. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]