Insight into the Mechanism of Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia with Cycle Length Alternans Using Ultrahigh Density Mapping System

Abstract

Background: Atrial tachycardia (AT) with cycle length (CL) alternans is a rare phenomenon. We aimed to identify the characteristics and precise mechanism of this special category of ATs by using an ultrahigh density mapping system. Methods: We identified 7 ATs with alternating CL in a total of 478 ATs from 2 institutions mapped with an ultrahigh density mapping system. Activation maps were performed for long CL (289±35 ms; mapping points, 21 520±11 103) and short CL (251±18 ms; mapping points,17 594±8059) separately. Results: We classified ATs with CL alternans into 2 types. Type 1: There existed 2 potential loops with different routes. CL alternans resulted from an intermittently 2:1 conducting block within the channel of the smaller loop. Type 2: CL alternans resulted from different conduction velocity through 2 closely spaced gaps within preexisting linear lesions. Catheter ablation successfully terminated all the 7 ATs. Conclusions: Ultrahigh density mapping provides an opportunity to delineate the precise mechanism of AT with CL alternans. Intermittent conduction block or slowing of a channel was essential for the maintenance of AT.