Collaboration in the Digital Age: Diverse, Relevant and Challenging

Abstract

We investigated whether Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) infects cells through a pH-independent or a low-pH-dependent pathway. To do this, the effects of lysosomotropic agents and acid pretreatment on RSV infectivity of, and fusion with, chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) were studied. High concentrations of lysosomotropic agents (ammonium chloride and monensin) did not inhibit virus infectivity: equal titers of RSV were produced in the presence and absence of these agents. Similarly, low-pH pretreatment did not inhibit RSV infectivity. In parallel experiments, lysosomotropic agents and acid pretreatment completely abolished the ability of influenza virus to infect CEFs. To monitor the fusion activity of RSV directly, the viral membrane was labeled with the fluorescent lipid probe octadecyl rhodamine at a self-quenching concentration. Upon fusion with a host cell, the probe is diluted in the cell membrane, resulting in fluorescence dequenching (D. Hoekstra, T. de Boer, K. Klappe, and J. Wilschut, Biochemistry 23:5675-5681, 1984). In this assay, fusion of RSV with CEFs was found to occur in both a time-dependent and a strictly temperature-dependent fashion. No fusion occurred unless cells with prebound virus were warmed to temperatures greater than 20 degrees C. Fusion, but not binding, was abolished if virus was pretreated with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde. High concentrations of ammonium chloride had no effect on fusion of RSV with CEFs but greatly diminished the ability of influenza virus and Semliki Forest virus to fuse with CEFs. Similarly, acid pretreatment of RSV had no effect on fusion with CEFs while markedly inhibiting fusion of both influenza and Semliki Forest viruses. Collectively, our results show that RSV fusion with and hence infection of CEFs does not require exposure of the virus to low pH. In this respect, RSV resembles another retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus.