The Case for an Open Water Balance: Re-envisioning Network Design and Data Analysis for a Complex, Uncertain World

Abstract

The discipline of hydrology has long focused on quantifying the water balance, which is frequently used to estimate unknown water fluxes or stores. While technologies for measuring water balance components continue to improve, all components of the balance have substantial uncertainty at the watershed scale. Watershed-scale evapotranspiration, storage, and groundwater import or export are particularly difficult to measure. Given these uncertainties, analyses based on assumed water balance closure are highly sensitive to uncertainty propagation and errors of omission, where unknown components are assumed negligible. This commentary examines how greater insight may be gained in some cases by keeping the water balance open rather than applying methods that impose water balance closure. An open water balance can facilitate identifying where unknowns such as groundwater import/export are affecting watershed-scale streamflow. Strategic improvements in monitoring networks can help reduce uncertainties in observable variables and improve our ability to quantify unknown parts of the water balance. Improvements may include greater spatial overlap between measurements of water balance components through coordination between entities responsible for monitoring precipitation, snow, evapotranspiration, groundwater, and streamflow. Measuring quasi-replicate watersheds can help characterize the range of variability in the water balance, and nested measurements within watersheds can reveal areas of net groundwater import or export. Well-planned monitoring networks can facilitate progress on critical hydrologic questions about how much water becomes evapotranspiration, how groundwater interacts with surface watersheds at varying spatial and temporal scales, how much humans have altered the water cycle, and how streamflow will respond to future climate change.