A cytosine-rich splice regulatory determinant enforces functional processing of the human a-globin gene transcript

Abstract

The establishment of efficient and stable splicing patterns in terminally differentiated cells is critical to maintenance of specific functions throughout the lifespan of an organism. The human a-globin (ha-globin) gene contains 3 exons separated by 2 short introns. Naturally occurring a-thalassemia mutations that trigger aberrant splicing have revealed the presence of cryptic splice sites within the ha-globin gene transcript. How cognate (functional) splice sites are selectively used in lieu of these cryptic sites has remained unexplored. Here we demonstrate that the preferential selection of a cognate splice donor essential to functional splicing of the ha-globin transcript is dependent on the actions of an intronic cytosine (C)-rich splice regulatory determinant and its interacting polyC-binding proteins. Inactivation of this determinant by mutation of the C-rich element or by depletion of polyC-binding proteins triggers a dramatic shift in splice donor activity to an upstream, out-of-frame, cryptic donor. The essential role of the C-rich element in ha-globin gene expression is supported by its coevolution with the cryptic donor site in primate species. These data lead us to conclude that an intronic C-rich determinant enforces functional splicing of the ha-globin transcript, thus acting as an obligate determinant of ha-globin gene expression.