The unsustainability of car use

Abstract

A general overview of the drawbacks of car use is first presented. Drawbacks relate to environmental impacts due to emissions of CO2 (climate change), of NOx (acidification, air quality), of PM, CO and HC (air pollution), as well as to noise emission, social, safety, and health impacts. The health impacts are discussed in more detail. An indication is given of the monetary value of these negative impacts. Next the share of transport in a selection of emissions is presented, showing that it has a large share in several emissions. A conceptual framework is proposed identifying the determinants of the negative impacts of car use on society. The conceptual framework is also drawn on to give an overview of possible policy measures to reduce the environmental impacts of car use. Measures include restrictions, pricing, infrastructure provision, land-use planning, public transport policies, marketing, education and communications. Transport does not only have negative impacts on society, but also positive impacts. The health effects of walking and cycling, being a positive benefit that contrary to accessibility benefits is often overlooked. Finally, the unsustainability of car use is highlighted.