Microbe-mediated remediation of dyes: Current status and future challenges

Abstract

An array of industrial dyes most often azo dyes (–N=N–) deployed for different staining purposes, consequently impacting the environment significantly. The increasing pace of dye production often produces enormous wastewater from textile processing. After processing steps, dyes concentration remains left in expelled wastewater, consequently causing water pollution, and triggers negative toxicological impacts. However, remediation or decolorization is necessitating minimizing its negative consequences. Improper treatment of dye-containing waste waters triggers pollution of soil, water bodies, and so on. Numerous biological, physical, and chemical approaches for dye degradation and wastewater decolorization have been established. However, the high cost and practical feasibility of such methodologies remain obstacles in dye-containing wastewater. Microbial-assisted remediation is predominantly resilient to transforming dye compounds and reducing toxicity from water matrices in the ability to cope and provide cost-effective and efficient solutions. To cover the literature gap, and highlighting recent update information on dye remediation, we outlined different azo dyes, and their remediation deploying different physicochemical and microbial-mediated systems. In addition, recent advances in dye degradation, together with concluding remarks and future perspectives, have been pointed out.