Human head modelling simulation applied to electroconvulsive therapy

Abstract

Transcranial electrical stimulation includes electrical stimulation techniques used to treat neurological conditions. Computational human head modelling has been used to investigate diverse cases of therapies and treatments. In this chapter, 3D realistic human head models constructed from magnetic resonance images are presented for applications in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This technique uses low frequency and applies high amplitude current for a short period. Due to the high currents used in ECT, electrical stimulation may generate heat as per the Joule effect. Therefore, the bio-heat transfer equation coupled to the Laplace equation is implemented in a computational head model to investigate the effect of temperature due to ECT electrical stimulation. Diverse thermophysical parameters and electrode configurations are considered. The results show that, from the thermal point of view, the brain is safe and no increase in temperature is detected. Temperature rises mainly in external layers of head, such as scalp and skull while the inclusion of fat layer will influence temperature behavior. Apart fromthat, the inclusion of thermal anisotropic conductivity does not significantly influence temperature rise; however, electrical conductivity is an important factor to consider.