In 1953, Gibbon used a heart-lung machine to allow closure of an atrial septal defect under direct vision. In 1967, Barnard performed the first heart transplant. In 1973, surgeons stopped the heart beating (cardioplegia), thereby protecting it, by infusing cold hyperkalemic solutions into the coronary arteries.
CITATION STYLE
Lowenstein, E., & Reves, J. G. (2013). A history of cardiac anesthesiology. In The Wondrous Story of Anesthesia (pp. 829–846). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8441-7_61
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