On actor-network theory. A few clarifications, plus more than a few complications

Abstract

In this article, the author points to a number of common misconceptions about actor-network theory (ANT), which stem from the everyday use of the word "network." The author explains his choice of this term by stating that it allows us to produce a new ontology, a new topology, and, eventually, new politics. Networks are the endpoint of reduction; there is nothing but networks, which are all contingent in nature. The author explains his approach by drawing on the following key themes: first, the approach includes removing the opposition between distance and closeness. Second, the approach is based on replacing the metaphor of scale with the metaphor of association, eventually bringing about the breakdown of the dichotomy "micromacro." Third, the approach includes the removal of the division between inside and outside, and the replacement of this division with the immanence of networks. In addition to this topology, the approach is based on the ontological claim that a network is work that is done by actors who are acting, or entities that are acted upon. Importantly, the author warns against anthropocentrism or sociocentrism in our understanding of this term. The latter half of the article explains the architecture of ANT, which is based on three main parts. The first part of this architecture is the semiotic understanding of the construction of entities, and this allows us to view all actors as equal no matter what their characteristics or contexts are. Extending semiotics to things allows us to use an empty methodological frame, which can help us to follow any type of actor and to unravel chains of associations and to remain between descriptive and explanatory forms, which is the essence of the second part of ANT architecture. And, finally, the third part consists of the ontological character of networks and actors. The author explains specific relativism, relationism, and reflexivity of ANT and introduces the term "infralanguage." In addition, the author explains the idea of following and sketching out networks. In the conclusion of the article, the author proposes to view networks as the production and the distribution of characteristics such as "sociality," "textuality," and "naturality.".