Serum biochemistry and inflammatory cytokines in racing endurance sled dogs with and without rhabdomyolysis

Abstract

Serum muscle enzymes in endurance sled dogs peak within 2-4 days of racing. The object of this study was to compare mid-race serum chemistry profiles, select hormones, markers of inflammation, and the acute phase response in dogs that successfully completed half of the 2015 Yukon Quest sled dog race to their pre-racing samples (n = 14), as well as mid-race samples of successful dogs to those who developed clinical exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) (n = 5). Concentrations of serum phosphorus in ER dogs were significantly elevated compared to healthy dogs (median 5.5 vs. 4.25 mg/dL, P < 0.01) at mid race. ALT, AST, and CK show a significant increase from pre-race baseline to mid-race chemistries (P < 0.01), with more pronounced increases in dogs with ER compared to healthy racing dogs (CK- median 46,125 vs. 1,743 U/L; P < 0.01). Potassium concentrations were significantly decreased from pre-race baselines in all dogs (median 5.1 vs. 4.5 mEq/L; P < 0.01), and even lower in dogs with ER (median 3.5 mEq/L; P < 0.01) mid-race. No changes in serum pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were noted in any groups of dogs. C-reactive protein was elevated in both groups of dogs, but significantly higher in those with ER compared with healthy dogs mid-race (median 308 vs. 164 ug/mL; P < 0.01). Healthy dogs may have CK elevations over 10,000 U/L, and dogs with ER were over 30,000 U/L. Although potassium decreases in healthy endurance sled dogs during racing, it remains in the normal laboratory reference range; however ER dog potassium levels drop further to the point of hypokalemia. Lastly increases in CRP may be reflective of a physiological response to exercise over the course of a race; however high CRP in ER dogs may be capturing an early acute phase response.