Knockout and disease models in toll-like receptor-mediated immunity

Abstract

In recent years, innate immunity has been one of the most intensively studied areas in immunology. It secures the first line of host defense against various microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. Innate immune responses are highly conserved throughout evolution, and one important family of sensors responsible for initiating innate immune responses in mammals, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), has recently been discovered. In this chapter, we will introduce the importance of innate immunity and TLR signals. We will then systematically discuss individual TLRs, their ligands, and the key downstream signaling molecules and pathways. Most of what we currently know is based on multidisciplinary approaches and supported by the phenotypes of specific knockout mice. Finally, we will briefly discuss the infectious diseases in humans that are caused by the mutations of TLR signals. © 2006 Humana Press Inc.