Refinement and reduction in production of genetically modified mice

Abstract

Despite the extensive use of GM mice, relatively little has been published regarding applying the principles of reduction and refinement to their generation, management, and care. This reflects in part the nature of the technology - the large numbers of mice used both in the generation and breeding of GM mice that are of scientific 'interest', the surgery and other potentially painful procedures that are involved, and the difficulties associated with predicting the effects of genetic modification. While these factors represent significant hurdles, progress has also been limited by a failure to consider, implement and disseminate best practices wherever possible. With such considerations in mind, the Sixth BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement set out to identify and document the areas of concern and how they might be addressed. In doing so, the Working Group has identified current best practices that should ensure the number of mice used is kept to a minimum and their welfare improved, without compromising scientific objectives. The main recommendations are summarized below.