Removal of Cu2+ Ions Using Activated Carbon from Palm Kernel Shell Waste by Liquid Smoke Activation

Abstract

Copper (Cu2+) ions has been recognized as hazardous heavy metal and having negative effects on human health, animal, plants, and environment. Therefore, the removal of Cu2+ from contaminated water to an acceptable level is necessary. In this research, activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell waste products has been used for the removal of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The oil palm shells were pyrolyzed at 380 °C, producing charcoal and liquid smoke. The carbon material was modified to nano size and activated by liquid smoke to generate activated carbon with a well developed porous structure and distribution porosity. The activated carbon was then characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All experiments were conducted in a batch process with initial metal concentrations in the range 30-150 ppm, contact times in the range 30-150 min and at room temperature. The best conditions for high removal efficiency of Cu2+ was investigated. The adsorption isotherm of the Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to analyze the data obtained. The kinetic of first and second-order models were also studied. The highest removal efficiency of 97.5% was obtained at a contact time of 60 min, an initial Cu2+ concentration of 30 ppm, and an agitation speed of 200 rpm. The Freundlich isotherm model was well fitted (R2=0.937) and indicated pseudo-first-order chemisorption. Based on the results, the activated carbon with liquid smoke activation would be an alternative adsorbent in removing Cu2+ from industrial wastewater.