Soybean seed treatment with nickel improves biological nitrogen fixation and urease activity

Abstract

Nickel (Ni) is an essential micronutrient required for plants' metabolism due to its role as a structural component of urease and hydrogenase, which in turn perform nitrogen (N) metabolism in many legume species. Seed treatment with cobalt, molybdenum and Bradyrhizobium strains has been widely practiced to improve crops. Additionally, seed treatment together with Ni fertilization of soybean might improve the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), boosting grain dry matter yield, and N content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soybean seed treatment with Ni rates (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 360, and 540 mg kg -1 ) on BNF, directly by the 15 N natural abundance method (δ 15 N‰) and by measurement of urease [E.C. 3.5.1.5] activity, as well as indirectly by nitrogenase (N-ase) activity [E.C. 1.18.6.1]. Soybean plants (cultivar BMX Potência RR) were grown in a sandy soil up to the R7 developmental stage (grain maturity), at which point the nutrient content in the leaves, chlorophyll content, urease, and N-ase activities, Ni and N content in the grains, nodulation (at R1-flowering stage), as well as the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF; δ 15 N ‰) were evaluated. The proportion of N derived from N 2 fixation varied from 77 to 99% using the natural 15 N abundance method and non-nodulating Panicum miliaceum and Phalaris canariensis as references. A Ni rate of 45 mg kg -1 increased BNF by 12% compared to the control. The increased N uptake in the grains was closely correlated with chlorophyll content in the leaves, urease, and N-ase activities, as well as with nodulation. Grain dry matter yield and aerial part dry matter yield increased, respectively, by 84 and 51% in relation to the control plants at 45 mg kg -1 Ni via seed treatment. Despite, Ni concentration was increased with Ni-seed treatment, Ni rates higher than 135 mg kg -1 promoted negative effects on plant growth and yield. In these experimental conditions, seed treatment with low Ni rates caused higher dry matter yield of plants and grains, N content in the grains, and in the aerial part by increasing of BNF.