Advances in Network Systems

Abstract

—The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was originally known as the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling receptor but, as discoveries unfolded, the enormous amount of information generated helped the scientists to investigate immunoreceptor Toll gates. Considerable research led to a clear view of the bridging gates of innate and adaptive immunity known as TLRs. Since the discovery of the TLR in 1996 as a cellular receptor that captures molecules from invading pathogens, multiple molecules have been discovered to date. The lack of information on the intricate pathways downstream of TLRs has led to much research on this area at the molecular level. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the recent advances in our knowledge of cell membrane-located TLRs, as well as nucleic acid-sensing TLR signaling research.