Thirty-minute test to detect insecticide resistance under field conditions: the case of the Asian citrus psyllid

Abstract

Background: Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is one of the most destructive citrus pests worldwide. It is controlled mainly through applications of conventional insecticides. Methodologies used to estimate resistance to insecticides do not correlate with field efficacy, and do not provide timely and reliable information to make decisions at a site where spraying is needed. The use of diagnostic doses with 30-min exposure is proposed for estimating the resistance of D. citri to imidacloprid, spinosad, malathion and chlorpyrifos at the orchard level. Results: Under laboratory conditions, we estimated the lowest doses that caused 100% mortality within 30 min of exposure (diagnostic dose) in a susceptible D. citri colony. The diagnostic doses for imidacloprid, spinosad, malathion and chlorpyrifos were 7.4, 4.2, 1.0 and 5.5 mg a.i. L−1, respectively. Under field conditions, we applied the diagnostic doses to D. citri feeding on Citrus aurantifolia Swingle at five localities in Michoacan state, Mexico (Nueva Italia, Santo Domingo, El Varal, Gambara and El Ceñidor). Additionally, the field efficacy of these insecticides against these populations was evaluated. A significant correlation between field efficacy and mortality was observed with the diagnostic doses for imidacloprid, malathion and chlorpyrifos (R2 ≥ 0.93). The correlation for spinosad could not be estimated because the mortality caused by the diagnostic dose and its field efficacy at all study sites was consistently >98%. Conclusions: Field efficacy and resistance were estimated based on the field diagnostic doses with 30-min exposure for all tested insecticides. Consequently, growers and pest management technicians can estimate the performance of the evaluated insecticides at the orchard level and before insecticide application. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.