Methods to measure neighbourhoods and analyse their impact on health: An overview

Abstract

Empirical studies on the influence of neighbourhood conditions on health outcomes face several challenges, which we discuss in this chapter. As empirical analysis ideally follows theory, we begin with presenting a conceptual framework which links social position, neighbourhood environment and health. We will then use this framework to illustrate various methods to (a) define and delineate neighbourhoods including administrative and ego-centred boundaries, (b) measure neighbourhood exposures referring to derived and integral neighbourhood variables as well as specific ecometric methods, (c) explore neighbourhood effects on health outcomes based on statistical models of the mixed model framework and potential extensions, e.g. interaction effects, non-linear effects as well as spatial models and (d) incorporate time as well as timing in the analysis by using methods of panel data analysis and concepts of life course epidemiology.