Rechargeable Dual-Ion Batteries with Graphite as a Cathode: Key Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

Rechargeable graphite dual-ion batteries (GDIBs) have attracted the attention of electrochemists and material scientists in recent years due to their low cost and high-performance metrics, such as high power density (≈3–175 kW kg−1), energy efficiency (≈80–90%), long cycling life, and high energy density (up to 200 Wh kg−1), suited for grid-level stationary storage of electricity. The key feature of GDIBs is the exploitation of the reversible oxidation of the graphite network with concomitant and highly efficient intercalation/deintercalation of bulky anionic species between graphene layers. In this review, historical and current research aspects of GDIBs are discussed, along with key challenges in their development and practical deployment. Specific emphasis is given to the operational mechanism of GDIBs and to unbiased and correct reporting of theoretical cell-level energy densities.