The molecular mechanisms of ksms for enhancement of crop production under organic farming

Abstract

The continuous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for the enhancement of crop yield and instant action of pest control causes harmful and hazardous effect on the environment due to the accumulation of minerals and biomagnifications at higher hierarchical level. Therefore, the current need is alternative and eco-friendly technology as integrated pest management (IPM) and plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) for enhancing organic farming practices. One of the promising microorganisms is potassium-solubilizing microorganisms (KSMs) as PGPMs are applicable for sustainable agriculture. Plant growth promotion (PGP) is a complex phenomenon rarely attributable to a single mechanism as most PGP microbes influence plant growth through multiple mechanisms. However, any microbial agent added to the rhizosphere has to interact not only with the plant but also with other organisms around the microenvironment. The KSMs have the ability for IAA production, K solubilization, antifungal, HCN, and siderophore production. Due to secretion of organic acids, KSMs solubilize various forms of K in soil to available forms which helps enhance plant growth, yield, and fertility status of soil. This book chapter is a critical summary of the efforts of scientist in efficient use of KSMs, mechanism of K solubilization, and use of these microorganisms for increasing the crop production. They also help plant to combat against pathogenic microbes and other environmental stresses. The indigenous microbes proven their effectiveness; such microbes suit the environmental conditions in the cropping system for which they are intended. This chapter covers the studies of KSMs, their sources, mechanism of K solubilization, and their effect on crops.