Novel in situ techniques

Abstract

To understand how electrochemical processes proceed at electrode/electrolyte interfaces and to improve the efficiencies of these processes, it is essential to probe these processes in situ real time. Thus, the developments of in situ techniques have been carried out very intensively for a long time. Thanks to the technological advancement in electronics, optics, quantum beams, and nanomaterials, various in situ techniques, which are capable of determining molecular, geometric, and electronic structures at electrochemical interfaces, have been developed in the last several decades and they are applied to a wide range of electrochemical interfaces from both fundamental and practical points of view. Here, various in situ techniques are described with historical aspects, several key innovations related to the techniques, and a few examples for the techniques to be applied.