Pets and immunomodulation

Abstract

The immune system is fundamental for survival. Its development and functions are modulated by various genetic and environmental factors. Pets are an important environmental factor, and pet ownership may have relevant immunomodulatory effects. Pets may induce immune modulation via changes induced in gut, cutaneous and respiratory microbiome in pet owners. Such immunomodulation-associated changes may have positive health outcomes. In fact, these may include a contribution towards reducing the risk of developing allergic diseases, if exposure to pets begins in early infancy. In addition, pet ownership may also have other beneficial health effects, namely, reduced psychological stress and depression, which, in turn, may be associated with positive immunomodulatory effects. Finally, pets may also stimulate their owners to have higher levels of regular physical activity and exercise, activities that also have potentially positive effects upon various functions of their owners’ immune system.