Recent development of urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer diagnosis and monitoring

Abstract

Urine-based liquid biopsy has emerged as a non-invasive and effective tool for early screening and diagnosis of bladder cancer. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current urine-based biomarkers and methods for the detection and monitoring of bladder cancer. We focus on biomarkers including tumour DNAs, proteins, microbiome, tumour RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, transfer RNA-derived fragments, messenger RNAs, microRNAs, circular RNAs, exosomes and extrachromosomal circular DNA.