Alveolar augmentation using different bone substitutes

Abstract

Bone retention, bone augmentation, and bone regeneration are central topics in oral surgery, implantology, and periodontology. Bones and teeth are the only structure within the body where calcium and phosphate participate as functional pillars. Despite their mineral nature, both organs are vital and dynamic. The major sequel from human tooth loss is the loss of alveolar bone. After tooth extraction, the residual alveolar ridge generally provides limited bone volume because of ongoing, progresive bone resorption. The process of healing on bone defect in the region of alveolar ridge passes throught several stages from the coagulum formation to the mature lameral bone. The healing process within postextraction sites reduces the dimension of the socket over time. Bone grafts and bone graft substitutes support regeneration in bone defects and can be used for bone augmentation. Bone graft substitutes are clasiffied by their origin as autogenous bone grafts, bone graft substitutes (allogenic from human origin and xenogenic materials from animal origin), and synthetic (alloplastic) bone graft substitues, manufactured from mineral raw materials, whose composition is precisely defined and whose availability is is unlimited. Alveolar ridge augmentations are classified according to their morphology and severity. Bone augmentation techniques can be used for the application of socket defect grafting, horizontal ridge augmentation, vertical ridge augmentation, and sinus augmentation. Ridge augmentation methods are therefore very important developments and have so far been promising especially in view of the fact that life is incresingly prolonged especially in economically well-developed countries and the incidence of the disease is expected to further increase in the future.