Re-assessment of phosphorus availability in fens with varying contents of iron and calcium

Abstract

Aim: To further unravel P availability in mineral-rich fens, and test whether high Fe in the soil would lead to low P availability to the vegetation. Methods: Mesotrophic fens were selected over gradients in Ca and Fe in central Sweden and the Netherlands, to study characteristics of vegetation, pore water and peat soil, including inorganic and organic forms of P, Fe and Al. Results: Soil Fe was more important than region or soil Ca, and P availability to the vegetation increased from Fe-poor to Fe-rich fens. Contrary to expectations, precipitation of iron phosphates played a minor role in Fe-rich fens. Fe-rich fens were P-rich for three reasons: (1) high P sorption capacity, (2) relatively weak sorption to Fe-OM complexes and (3) high amounts of sorbed organic P, which probably consists of labile P. Also, nonmycorrhizal wetland plants probably especially take up weakly sorbed (organic) P. However, high P did not lead to high biomass or low plant diversity. Fe-rich fens were limited by other nutrients, and high P may help protect the vegetation against Fe-toxicity. Conclusions: Fe-poor fens are P-poor, irrespective of Ca, and Fe-rich fens P-rich even under mesotrophic conditions. However, high P itself does not endanger Fe-rich fens.