Oviposition Responses of Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Identification of Volatiles from Bacteria-Containing Solutions

Abstract

In this study, a dual-choice oviposition bioassay was used to screen responses of gravid An. gambiae toward 17 bacterial species, previously isolated from Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) midguts or oviposition sites. The 10 isolates from oviposition sites have been identiÞed by phylogenetic analyses of their 16S rRNA genes. Eight of the 10 isolates were gram-positive, out of which six belonged to the Bacilli class. Solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify the volatiles emitted from the bacterial isolates. Aromatic and aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic ketones, alkylpyrazines, dimethyl oligosulÞdes, and indole were among the chemical compounds identiÞed from the headspace above bacteria-containing saline. The mosquitoes laid signiÞcantly more eggs in six of the bacteria-containing solutions compared with the sterile solution. These six bacteria did not emit any compounds in common that could explain the positive oviposition response. Instead, the bacteria were grouped according to principal component analysis (PCA) based on the relative amounts of volatiles emitted. The PCA-plots facilitated the identiÞcation of 13 putative oviposition attractants for An. gambiae mosquitoes.